Saturday, March 14, 2020

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (818 words) - Free Essays

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (818 words) - Free Essays Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 6, Memory Vocabulary, Key Terms Amnesia: The loss of memory. Anterograde amnesia: A memory disorder that effects the retention of new information and events. Atkinson-Shiffrin theory: Theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Autobiographical memory: A special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences. Connectionism: Also called parallel distribution processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory. Decay theory: Theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrate; suggest that the passage of time always increases forgetting. Divided attention: Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. Elaboration: The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding. Encoding: The first step in memory, the process by which information gets into memory storage. Episodic memory: The retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happeningthat is, how individuals remember life's episodes. Explicit memory (declarative memory): The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. Flashbulb memory: The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events. Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory): Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. Interference theory: The theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. Levels of processing: A continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory. Long-term memory: A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time. Memory: The retention of information of experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Motivated forgetting: Forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable. Priming: The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster. Proactive interference: Situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later. Procedural memory: Memory for skills. Prospective memory: Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions. Retrieval: The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. Retroactive interference: Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. Retrograde amnesia: Memory for a segment of the past but not for new events. Retrospective memory: Remembering information from the past. Schema: A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, make inferences about, and retrieve information. Script: A schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences. Semantic memory: A person's knowledge about the world. Sensory memory: Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. Serial position effect: The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. Short-term memory: Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer. Storage: The retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon: A type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say a word or name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory. Working memory: A combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow

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